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BIOS showed the NVMe SSD.
Pressing F3 during boot opened the "Insyde File Explorer", which let me select the debian shim.efi file that booted grub.
Boot from the kernel with F3 by manually selecting the shim.efi, then run "update-grub2" to install the bootloader into the UEFI mainboard settings.
Falsche Shim-Signatur (bad shim signature)
Reason: I had manually installed 6.16 to get Debian running on the laptop, see https://community.frame.work/t/tracking-debian-testing-on-the-framework-laptop/14448/34 This kernel had no signature.
This time I wanted to keep secure boot enabled.
https://www.simplified.guide/debian/kernel-install-backports
$ apt install -t trixie-backports linux-image-amd64 linux-headers-amd64